Variables

Please identify the independent variables, dependent variables, control variables and suggest possible extraneous or confounding variables for each of the following problem students.

1. This study will investigate the relationship between parental drug addition and the incidence of birth defects in infants.

- Independent: Parental drug addiction (cause)

- Dependent: Incidence of birth defects in infants (effect)

- Extraneous: Type of drug used by parent, gender, economic class (not accounted for in study)

2. The purpose of this research is to study the effects of repetition on long term and short term memory of adult college students.

- Independent:repetition

- Dependent:memory

- Extraneous:amount of sleep gotten

3. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of positive reinforcement on the self concept levels of male and female fifth grade students.

- Independent:positive renforcem

- Dependent: self concept

- Extraneous: home life.

4. This study will compare the differences between counselors and non-counselors on a measure of self-disclosure.

- Independent:self disclosure

- Dependent: occupation

- Extraneous: everything.

5. This research investigates the relative effectiveness of two types of incentives, token and praise, on math achievement in high school sophomores. Gender differences are also analyzed.

- Independent: incentive

- Dependent: math achievement

- Extraneous: gender, genetics, mental ailments, individual students will (either way there not going to do anything)

6. This study will study dropout rates of male students compared to female students.

- Independent: male/female

- Dependent: dropping out

- Extraneous: home life, family income, children